At the end of the 19th century, the various branches of the von Wolff family owned a total of approximately 270,000 hectares of land in Livonia and Estonia. During the Russian Revolution in the years 1905/1907, 184 manorial estates and castles in the Baltic region were occupied, looted, and set on fire by the insurgents, including the estates of the von Wolff family. Although some properties were subsequently rebuilt, Latvia, which became independent after the First World War, decided on a land reform in April 1920 that finally broke the political and economic dominance of the mostly German-Baltic large landowners. Each family was allowed to retain only 50 hectares of land. The remainder was expropriated without compensation and divided into tens of thousands of new farm plots for small farmers. As a result of the resettlement of the German-Balts to Germany in 1939 and the occupation of Latvia by the Soviet Union in the following year, the remaining property of the former large landowners was also lost. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, some of the former Wolff manorial houses were rebuilt and have since served public institutions.”